Rome 1.Story of Paul of Tarsus (55 B.C.E.)
A.Prisoner named Paul of Tarsus transported by ship from the port of Caesarea in Palestine to Rome by Roman guards. -MH
B.Ship encountered violent storm and passengers/crew had to work to keep ship afloat. -MH
C.Ship made it to Malta but was destoryed by waves just off of Malta. -MH
D.Paul and his guards stuck on Malta for 3 months. -MH 2.Christianity
A.When it first arrived it was a sect of Judaism. -MH
B.Accepted by those who regarded Jesus of Nazareth as a savior for the Jewish community. -AD
C.Early Christians encountered harsh opposition and persecution from Roman officials. -LA
D.Paul was an important figure in the development of Christianity. -AD 3.Early Roman Empire
A.Had centralized administration over the empire. -MH
B.Christianity became official religion of Roman empire. -MH
C.Roman military forces had to maintain order in an empire with conflicting ethnic and religious groups. -AD
From Kingdom To Republic 1.Rome
A.Was a small city-state and had its own king (Eighth century B.C.E.). -MH
B. Late sixth centery BCE city aristocrats deposed the king and ended the monarchy, instituting a republic. -MZ
C.Roman republic survived for more than 500 years. -AD The Etruscans and Rome 1.Romulus and Remus
A.Troy had twins, Romulus and Remus, that almost drowned in the Tiber River but a kind she-wolf found them and cared for them. -AD
B.(According to ancient legends) Romulus founded city of Rome and made himself king in 753 B.C.E. -MH
C. What was more likey to of happen was bands of Indo-European migrants crossed the alps and settled throughout
the Italian peninsula with the neolithic people of the region. -ES 2.The Etruscans
A.Group of people who dominated Italy (between eighth and fifth centuries B.C.E.). -MH -MH
B. Migrated to Italy from Analotia. -ES
C.First settled in Tuscany but soon gained much of control of the Po River Valley. -ES
D. Built thriving cities and organized political and econmic allies between their settlements. -ES
E.Built a Fleet and traded actively with western Mediterranean. -ES
F.Society declined beacuse of wars/battles with Greek fleets and Celtic peoples (Late sixth century B.C.E.). -MH
G. Manufactured high-quality bronze and iron goods, and they worked gold and silver into jewelery.-MZ
H.Traded in the western Mediterranean. -AD
I.During late 6th century BCE, Etruscans encountered challenges from other peoples and the society began to decline. -AD
J.Greek fleets defeated them at sea while Celtic peoples attacked them from Gaul. -AD 3.The Kingdom of Rome
A.The development was deeply influenced by Etruscans. -ES
B.Was on the Tiber River. -MH
C.(In early days of Rome) Rome ruled by a monarchy. -MH
D.Early Rome the Kings provided paved streets, public buildings, defense walls, and large temples. -ES
E. A lot of trade traffic due to the location of the city. -ES
F.Rome had easy access to the Mediterranean by way of the Tiber River. -AD
G. Several of the kings were Etruscans. -MZ
H. Trade routes from all over Italy converged on Rome.-MZ The Roman Republic and Its Constitution 1.Establishment of the Republic
A.Created republican constitution. -MH
B.Constitution created two consuls: civil and military. -MH
C.Consuls elected by an assembly (the assemblies were mostly patricians (people of wealthy classes). -MH
D.Established a Senate (Senate also controlled by patricians). -MH
E.Wealthy classes known as patricians; common people known as plebeians. -MH
F.Senate and Consuls both represented the interests of the Patricians which upset the Plebians. -ES
G.Constant tension between the wealthy classes and the common people. -MZ 2.Conflicts between Particians and Plebeians
A.(Fifth century B.C.E.) Plebeians threatened to leave Rome because of tension/conflicts with particians and establish their own rival settlement. -MH
B.Plebeians gained power in government by electing officials (known as tribunes). -MH
C.Tribunes had the power to intervene in all political matters and they possessed the right to veto measures that they judged unfair.-MZ
D.When faced with civil or military crisis the Romans appointed an official (Dictator) which wielded absolute power for a term of 6 months. -ES The Expansion of the Republic
A.Access to the iron industry greatly expanded the amount under roman control. -ES
B.Controlled the peninsula because 1. They established military colonies in regions they overcame and 2. Provided
generous policies toward the people they conquered. including: exempted from taxation, they could govern their own internal affairs,
trade with Rome and take roman spouses, gain citizenship of Rome. -ES
C.Policies gave Rome the support they needed to put down rebellions and dominate affairs throughout the Italian peninsula. -ES 2.Expansion in the Mediterranean
A.Rome had conflicts with other Mediterranean powers. -MH
B. Other Mediterranean powers supported a thriving network. -ES 3.The Punic Wars
A.Conflict with Carthage and Hellenistic realms.-MH
(Hellenistic realms: Antigonids of Macedon, Ptolemies of Egypt, and Seleucids). -ES
B.Romans defeated Carthage and burned down Carthage. Romans put Carthage's 50 thousand citizens into slavery. -MH
C.After Romans beat Carthage they soon came in conflict with the Hellenistic realms but Romans were shown to be the
preeminent power of the Western Mediterranean. -ES
Imperial Expansion and Domestic Problems 1.Expansion Problems
A.Wealthy elites used conquered land they received to have plantations (known as latifundia)(plantations used slaves). -MH
B. Unevenly distribution of land caused conflict. -ES
C. Owners of latifundia operated at lower costs than owners of smaller holdings, who often had to mortage lands or sell to wealthy neighbors. -LA 2.The Gracchi Brothers
A.Tiberus and Gaius Gracchus worked for social reform in Roman republic. -MH B.Tried to limit the amount of conquered land an individual could own, and if it exceeded limits then lands should be taken away. -ES
C.Assassinated in fear the brothers would gain influence over the roman affairs. -ES 3.Civil War
A.Rome had civil war in early first century B.C.E. -MH
B.(83 B.C.E.) Sulla seized Rome and killed his enemies (10 thousand people killed during his five year rule). -MH
C.Sulla did not resolve Rome's most serious problems, so poverty rose in cities, and personal armies increased. -LA
D.Gaius Julius Caesar created process that was used to replace republican constitution with centralized imperial government. -MH
The Foundation of Empire 1.Julius Caesar
A.(60s B.C.E.) Had an active role in Roman politics. -MH
B.Believe in social reform and centralized control. -MH
C.Became popular in Rome because of military success. -MH
D.Seized Rome in 49 B.C.E. -MH
E. Sponsored public events such as gladiators and animal battles to gain reputation to win election to posts in the republican government. -ES
F.Became a dictator with all of his power. -ES
G.Roman elite classes called him a tyrant, stabbed him to death 44 B.C.E -LA 2.Augustus
A.Augustus's original name was Octavian.
B.The Senate gave Octavian the title Augustus because it had religious connotations suggesting divine nature of the holder. -MH 3.Augustus's Administration
A.Government was a monarchy but was disguised as a republic. -MH
B.Brought peace to Rome by ending civil disturbances. -ES
Continuing Expansion and Integration of the Empire 1.After Augustus's Rule
A.For 2 centuries after Augustus' rule, Roman armies conquered distant lands. -AD
B.During republican times Rome already held Italy, Greece, Syria, Gaul, most of the Iberian peninsula, and small outposts in north Africa and Anatolia. -AD
C.At Rome's high point during second century CE, the Roman empire included much of Britain, places surrounding the Mediterranean, and lands inland such as Mesopotamia. -AD
D.Roman expansion had a great effect on Europe. -AD
E.In small villages, the arrival of Roman soldiers stimulated the development of local economies and states. -AD
F.Cities such as Paris, Lyons, Cologne, Mainz, London, Toledo, and Segovia can trace their origins to Roman times. -AD
G.Roman empire at about 117 C.E. (light green) -MH-MH
2.The Pax Romana
A.(First to middle of third century C.E.) Era of peace in the Roman empire that brought economic/political integration. -MH
B.The pax romana was during Augustus's reign. -MH
C.Augustus ended civil disturbances throughout the empire. -MH 3.Roman Roads
A.Roads linked all parts of the Roman empire. -MH
B.Roads allowed them to have an imperial postal system. -MH
C.Wide roads allowed for two way traffic -AD 4.Roman Law
A.(450 B.C.E.) Beginning of written law. -MH
B.Twelve Tables was created (was a basic law code). -MH
C.Began the principal defendants were innocent until proven guilty. -ES
D.Ensured defendants had a right to challenge their accusers before a judge in a court of law -AD
E.Judges were allowed to set aside laws that were inequitable or unfair. -MH Five Themes Notes 1.Interaction between humans and the environment Demography and disease -Sulla (Roman general that would become dictator who ruled from 83-78 B.C.E.) had 10 thousand people killed because he believed they were enemies of the state-MH 2.Development and interaction of cultures Religions Belief systems, philosophies & ideologies
-Christianity was a sect of Judaism when it first emerged -MH
-Paul of Tarsus was important in making Christianity its own faith -MH
-Spreading of Christianity was helped by Roman empire -MH
3.State-building, expansion and conflict Political structures and forms of goverance
-(In the early days of Rome) Rome was a monarchy -MH
-(In the early days of Rome) The Roman kings were Etruscans (earlier group of people who dominated Italy) -MH
-Augustus's rule was a monarchy but was disguised as a republic -MH
-Romans established a written law code -MH
-Main principles of the law code: defendants were innocent until proven guilty, defendants had the right to challenge their accusers before a judge in a court of law, and judges were permitted to set aside laws that were inequitable or unfair. -MH Empires, Nations and nationalism revolts and revolutions
-The Punic Wars (Roman conflict with Carthage and Hellenistic realms) -MH 4.Creation, expansion and interaction of economic systems Agricultural and pastoral production
-Main source of grains came from Sicily. -LA
-During Roman expansion, encouraged local inhabitants to cultivate wheat, olives, and grapes. -LA
-Wealthy elites used slaves to cultivate land -MH Trade and commerce
-Trade routes throughout Italy came through Rome. -MH
-Pax Romana facilitated trade and communication throughout Mesopotamia to the Atlantic Ocean. -LA
-Roman Roads were used for transportation and communication. -LA
-Roads linked all over Roman empire. -LA
Routes of the Roman road
-LA
Labor systems
-When Roman empire conquered Carthage the 50 thousand Carthage citizens were put in to slavery. -MH
-Roman conquered lands were given to wealthy elites who used them for plantations using slaves. -MH Industrialization
-Caesar launched large- scale building projects in Rome to provide work for the urban poor. -LA
Capitalism and socialism 5.Development and transformation of social structure Family and kinship
-Hereditary aristocrats dominated by electing consuls and put into wealthy classes. -LA
Racial and ethnic constructions
Social and economic classes
-Wealthy classes known as patricians. -MH
-Common people known as plebeians. -MH
-Conflicts arose between the social classes (patricians/plebeians). -MH
Rome
1.Story of Paul of Tarsus (55 B.C.E.)
A.Prisoner named Paul of Tarsus transported by ship from the port of Caesarea in Palestine to Rome by Roman guards. -MH
B.Ship encountered violent storm and passengers/crew had to work to keep ship afloat. -MH
C.Ship made it to Malta but was destoryed by waves just off of Malta. -MH
D.Paul and his guards stuck on Malta for 3 months. -MH
2.Christianity
A.When it first arrived it was a sect of Judaism. -MH
B.Accepted by those who regarded Jesus of Nazareth as a savior for the Jewish community. -AD
C.Early Christians encountered harsh opposition and persecution from Roman officials. -LA
D.Paul was an important figure in the development of Christianity. -AD
3.Early Roman Empire
A.Had centralized administration over the empire. -MH
B.Christianity became official religion of Roman empire. -MH
C.Roman military forces had to maintain order in an empire with conflicting ethnic and religious groups. -AD
From Kingdom To Republic
1.Rome
A.Was a small city-state and had its own king (Eighth century B.C.E.). -MH
B. Late sixth centery BCE city aristocrats deposed the king and ended the monarchy, instituting a republic. -MZ
C.Roman republic survived for more than 500 years. -AD
The Etruscans and Rome
1.Romulus and Remus
A.Troy had twins, Romulus and Remus, that almost drowned in the Tiber River but a kind she-wolf found them and cared for them. -AD
B.(According to ancient legends) Romulus founded city of Rome and made himself king in 753 B.C.E. -MH
C. What was more likey to of happen was bands of Indo-European migrants crossed the alps and settled throughout
the Italian peninsula with the neolithic people of the region. -ES
2.The Etruscans
A.Group of people who dominated Italy (between eighth and fifth centuries B.C.E.). -MH
B. Migrated to Italy from Analotia. -ES
C.First settled in Tuscany but soon gained much of control of the Po River Valley. -ES
D. Built thriving cities and organized political and econmic allies between their settlements. -ES
E.Built a Fleet and traded actively with western Mediterranean. -ES
F.Society declined beacuse of wars/battles with Greek fleets and Celtic peoples (Late sixth century B.C.E.). -MH
G. Manufactured high-quality bronze and iron goods, and they worked gold and silver into jewelery.-MZ
H.Traded in the western Mediterranean. -AD
I.During late 6th century BCE, Etruscans encountered challenges from other peoples and the society began to decline. -AD
J.Greek fleets defeated them at sea while Celtic peoples attacked them from Gaul. -AD
3.The Kingdom of Rome
A.The development was deeply influenced by Etruscans. -ES
B.Was on the Tiber River. -MH
C.(In early days of Rome) Rome ruled by a monarchy. -MH
D.Early Rome the Kings provided paved streets, public buildings, defense walls, and large temples. -ES
E. A lot of trade traffic due to the location of the city. -ES
F.Rome had easy access to the Mediterranean by way of the Tiber River. -AD
G. Several of the kings were Etruscans. -MZ
H. Trade routes from all over Italy converged on Rome.-MZ
The Roman Republic and Its Constitution
1.Establishment of the Republic
A.Created republican constitution. -MH
B.Constitution created two consuls: civil and military. -MH
C.Consuls elected by an assembly (the assemblies were mostly patricians (people of wealthy classes). -MH
D.Established a Senate (Senate also controlled by patricians). -MH
E.Wealthy classes known as patricians; common people known as plebeians. -MH
F.Senate and Consuls both represented the interests of the Patricians which upset the Plebians. -ES
G.Constant tension between the wealthy classes and the common people. -MZ
2.Conflicts between Particians and Plebeians
A.(Fifth century B.C.E.) Plebeians threatened to leave Rome because of tension/conflicts with particians and establish their own rival settlement. -MH
B.Plebeians gained power in government by electing officials (known as tribunes). -MH
C.Tribunes had the power to intervene in all political matters and they possessed the right to veto measures that they judged unfair.-MZ
D.When faced with civil or military crisis the Romans appointed an official (Dictator) which wielded absolute power for a term of 6 months. -ES
The Expansion of the Republic
A.Access to the iron industry greatly expanded the amount under roman control. -ES
B.Controlled the peninsula because 1. They established military colonies in regions they overcame and 2. Provided
generous policies toward the people they conquered. including: exempted from taxation, they could govern their own internal affairs,
trade with Rome and take roman spouses, gain citizenship of Rome. -ES
C.Policies gave Rome the support they needed to put down rebellions and dominate affairs throughout the Italian peninsula. -ES
2.Expansion in the Mediterranean
A.Rome had conflicts with other Mediterranean powers. -MH
B. Other Mediterranean powers supported a thriving network. -ES
3.The Punic Wars
A.Conflict with Carthage and Hellenistic realms.-MH
(Hellenistic realms: Antigonids of Macedon, Ptolemies of Egypt, and Seleucids). -ES
B.Romans defeated Carthage and burned down Carthage. Romans put Carthage's 50 thousand citizens into slavery. -MH
C.After Romans beat Carthage they soon came in conflict with the Hellenistic realms but Romans were shown to be the
preeminent power of the Western Mediterranean. -ES
Imperial Expansion and Domestic Problems
1.Expansion Problems
A.Wealthy elites used conquered land they received to have plantations (known as latifundia)(plantations used slaves). -MH
B. Unevenly distribution of land caused conflict. -ES
C. Owners of latifundia operated at lower costs than owners of smaller holdings, who often had to mortage lands or sell to wealthy neighbors. -LA
2.The Gracchi Brothers
A.Tiberus and Gaius Gracchus worked for social reform in Roman republic. -MH
B.Tried to limit the amount of conquered land an individual could own, and if it exceeded limits then lands should be taken away. -ES
C.Assassinated in fear the brothers would gain influence over the roman affairs. -ES
3.Civil War
A.Rome had civil war in early first century B.C.E. -MH
B.(83 B.C.E.) Sulla seized Rome and killed his enemies (10 thousand people killed during his five year rule). -MH
C.Sulla did not resolve Rome's most serious problems, so poverty rose in cities, and personal armies increased. -LA
D.Gaius Julius Caesar created process that was used to replace republican constitution with centralized imperial government. -MH
The Foundation of Empire
1.Julius Caesar
A.(60s B.C.E.) Had an active role in Roman politics. -MH
B.Believe in social reform and centralized control. -MH
C.Became popular in Rome because of military success. -MH
D.Seized Rome in 49 B.C.E. -MH
E. Sponsored public events such as gladiators and animal battles to gain reputation to win election to posts in the republican government. -ES
F.Became a dictator with all of his power. -ES
G.Roman elite classes called him a tyrant, stabbed him to death 44 B.C.E -LA
2.Augustus
A.Augustus's original name was Octavian.
B.The Senate gave Octavian the title Augustus because it had religious connotations suggesting divine nature of the holder. -MH
3.Augustus's Administration
A.Government was a monarchy but was disguised as a republic. -MH
B.Brought peace to Rome by ending civil disturbances. -ES
Continuing Expansion and Integration of the Empire
1.After Augustus's Rule
A.For 2 centuries after Augustus' rule, Roman armies conquered distant lands. -AD
B.During republican times Rome already held Italy, Greece, Syria, Gaul, most of the Iberian peninsula, and small outposts in north Africa and Anatolia. -AD
C.At Rome's high point during second century CE, the Roman empire included much of Britain, places surrounding the Mediterranean, and lands inland such as Mesopotamia. -AD
D.Roman expansion had a great effect on Europe. -AD
E.In small villages, the arrival of Roman soldiers stimulated the development of local economies and states. -AD
F.Cities such as Paris, Lyons, Cologne, Mainz, London, Toledo, and Segovia can trace their origins to Roman times. -AD
G.Roman empire at about 117 C.E. (light green) -MH
2.The Pax Romana
A.(First to middle of third century C.E.) Era of peace in the Roman empire that brought economic/political integration. -MH
B.The pax romana was during Augustus's reign. -MH
C.Augustus ended civil disturbances throughout the empire. -MH
3.Roman Roads
A.Roads linked all parts of the Roman empire. -MH
B.Roads allowed them to have an imperial postal system. -MH
C.Wide roads allowed for two way traffic -AD
4.Roman Law
A.(450 B.C.E.) Beginning of written law. -MH
B.Twelve Tables was created (was a basic law code). -MH
C.Began the principal defendants were innocent until proven guilty. -ES
D.Ensured defendants had a right to challenge their accusers before a judge in a court of law -AD
E.Judges were allowed to set aside laws that were inequitable or unfair. -MH
Five Themes Notes
1.Interaction between humans and the environment
Demography and disease
-Sulla (Roman general that would become dictator who ruled from 83-78 B.C.E.) had 10 thousand people killed because he believed they were enemies of the state-MH
2.Development and interaction of cultures
Religions Belief systems, philosophies & ideologies
-Christianity was a sect of Judaism when it first emerged -MH
-Paul of Tarsus was important in making Christianity its own faith -MH
-Spreading of Christianity was helped by Roman empire -MH
3.State-building, expansion and conflict
Political structures and forms of goverance
-(In the early days of Rome) Rome was a monarchy -MH
-(In the early days of Rome) The Roman kings were Etruscans (earlier group of people who dominated Italy) -MH
-Augustus's rule was a monarchy but was disguised as a republic -MH
-Romans established a written law code -MH
-Main principles of the law code: defendants were innocent until proven guilty, defendants had the right to challenge their accusers before a judge in a court of law, and judges were permitted to set aside laws that were inequitable or unfair. -MH
Empires, Nations and nationalism revolts and revolutions
-The Punic Wars (Roman conflict with Carthage and Hellenistic realms) -MH
4.Creation, expansion and interaction of economic systems
Agricultural and pastoral production
-Main source of grains came from Sicily. -LA
-During Roman expansion, encouraged local inhabitants to cultivate wheat, olives, and grapes. -LA
-Wealthy elites used slaves to cultivate land -MH
Trade and commerce
-Trade routes throughout Italy came through Rome. -MH
-Pax Romana facilitated trade and communication throughout Mesopotamia to the Atlantic Ocean. -LA
-Roman Roads were used for transportation and communication. -LA
-Roads linked all over Roman empire. -LA
Labor systems
-When Roman empire conquered Carthage the 50 thousand Carthage citizens were put in to slavery. -MH
-Roman conquered lands were given to wealthy elites who used them for plantations using slaves. -MH
Industrialization
-Caesar launched large- scale building projects in Rome to provide work for the urban poor. -LA
Capitalism and socialism
5.Development and transformation of social structure
Family and kinship
-Hereditary aristocrats dominated by electing consuls and put into wealthy classes. -LA
Racial and ethnic constructions
Social and economic classes
-Wealthy classes known as patricians. -MH
-Common people known as plebeians. -MH
-Conflicts arose between the social classes (patricians/plebeians). -MH